25 Feb The Murata Family: 100 Years in the Philippines and Japan
Larry Macalalad and his family live in Shiga Prefecture—His six brothers and sisters also live nearby, and whenever there is an occasion, they get together and have a lively time.
Larry first came to Japan in 1992, when he was 31. At that time, Japan was in the midst of the bubble economy and many Filipinos went to Japan on entertainment visas, but Larry’s background was different: As Larry puts it, “There was a broker who supported Filipinos of Japanese descent to migrate to Japan and I was approached by her.”
Larry qualified because his grandfather was a Japanese immigrant who originally moved from Japan to the Philippines before World War II and established a family there. Larry’s mother and uncle told him the following story about his grandfather, who died in his 40s:
Larry’s grandfather, Nijiro Murata, was born in Kagoshima, Japan. When he was 15 or 16 years old, he stowed away on a ship leaving the port of Kagoshima. He had no idea where the ship was headed and when it docked, found himself in the Philippines. On board the ship, he met another boy around the same age as him and they became friends, staying in the ship’s bodega (storeroom), but once they reached the Philippines, they got separated and lost track of each other.
Larry and Family in Shiga today: With him in are sisters Liza and Gina, daughter Lloyda, and grandchildren.
Nijiro found his way to Baguio, a city atop the Cordillera mountains in the northern Philippines. Being a relatively cool place in the Philippines, it was the summer capital of the Philippines and was especially popular with the Americans, under whose rule the Philippines was at that time. To survive on his own, Nijiro worked at construction sites, factories, farms, and took any job he could find. At first, he worked without pay in exchange for food. However, as his hard work was recognized, he gradually began to earn money. One of the people he went to work for was an American, who eventually handed over the reins of his company to Nijiro.
Over time, Nijiro learned several things, including English which he mastered, Ilocano, the local language in Baguio, and later Zambal (the local language of Zambales where he eventually settled). He had saved his money very carefully and so, when the opportunity came up, he was able to buy a sawmill in the area.
When people saw that Nijiro had become successful and made a fortune enough to buy his own car, they would remark, “Only Douglas MacArthur and Mr. Murata have cars.” Nijiro blended in well with the locals and was respected in the community. In time, he married a Filipina with whom he had eight children. One of them was Larry’s mother, Haruko.
Larry’s grandfather Nijiro (in dark suit) with his wife Maria, with their young son Minoru and Maria’s father.
Larry’s mother Haruko with granddaughter Haruna.
During World War II, the Philippines went from American to Japanese rule. Nijiro had kept in touch with his family in Kagoshima, but by then he also felt a sense of loyalty and indebtedness to the people of his adopted country. He harbored Filipino guerrillas and kept them safe from the Japanese soldiers. When food and medicines were in short supply, his family lived off the rice, canned food, and medicines that Nijiro had the foresight to set aside beforehand so that none of them ever went hungry or got sick. At the end of the war, not only the Japanese military personnel but civilians suffered a backlash from anti-Japanese sentiment. The Murata family, however, was spared this fate and kept their status. They remained respectable and stayed in the Philippines even after the war.
40 years after Nijiro’s death, a woman came to Zambales where Larry and his family lived, looking for people of Japanese descent. She had heard the name “Murata” and went to visit Larry’s family. It was she who informed them that Haruko, Nijiro’s daughter, and Larry’s mother, was eligible for Japanese citizenship and that as a result Larry and his relatives themselves could also legally stay in Japan as “nikkeijin.” At that time, Larry had just finished school and was working to help support his family, so he decided to follow the woman’s advice and try his luck in Japan, thinking that from there he could better support his siblings.
In the 1990s, Larry and his relatives traveled to Japan on several occasions. At first, Larry worked at a factory in Hiroshima, and then at a dry cleaner in Tottori and Shiga prefectures. While in the Philippines, he had had no exposure at all to Nihongo, so like his grandfather many years before him, Larry also had to learn a new language from scratch when he came to a new land. Of the many challenges that he faced when he moved to Japan, Larry says that the language barrier was by far the biggest and he spent many hours a day learning Japanese.
Larry on a video call with his uncle Hoshino in Masinloc, Zambales.
Larry eventually became fluent in Nihongo, which served him well when he later returned to Japan with his wife and children and later became a permanent resident. He was hired as a full-time employee for the first time at a company that manufactured seat belts. However, the company went bankrupt. Unfortunately, the next company he worked for also went bankrupt. After that, Larry worked as a forklift operator at a factory, but since the wages were so low, he decided to go into nursing care.
After undergoing the initial training, Larry embarked on his new career as a regular care worker and now works at a hospital near Lake Biwa, an hour and a half drive from where he lives. He spends his days taking care of patients, helping them bathe, go to the toilet, and even accompanying them as needed when they go for rehabilitation.
Nursing care is one of the professions with a high turnover rate, but when asked if he ever feels that it is too hard, Larry says not at all. In fact, on the day of the interview, he was working the night shift. Some people say that it’s hard to help people bathe, but he simply tells jokes to make light of it, saying things like ‘Well, let’s go to New York. Do you have your passport? New York is pronounced “nyuuyoku” in Japan, which is also, the Japanese word for bath, and it takes a Filipino with a sense of humor like Larry to come up with something like that.
The hardest part of the job is often not the work itself, but the people around you. Larry enjoys working this job because of the various benefits and the good relationships with the people around him, which more than makes up for the monthly salary that is not very high. He says that what you need to do is to make the most of the opportunity and adapt to the workplace, and whether or not you can adopt is entirely up to you: Your country of origin is irrelevant.
While driving, Larry spots an elderly Japanese person walking, rolls down the window, and greets him, “Hello”. Larry was just like a barangay captain (leader of a local community association in the Philippines) who looks after the safety of the community.”
About one hundred years ago, Larry’s grandfather, Nijiro Murata, stowed away on a boat and found himself in the Philippines, completely alone and not knowing what awaited him there. But fate was kind to him, and his same industry, diligence, and love for his fellowmen are now manifested in his grandson, Larry, in Japan, the country where the Murata Family originally came from.
Si Larry Macalalad at ang kaniyang pamilya ay nakatira sa Shiga Prefecture. Ang kaniyang anim na kapatid ay nakatira rin malapit dito, at tuwing may okasyon, nagtitipon sila at nagkakasiyahan.
Unang dumating sa Japan si Larry noong 1992, noong siya ay 31 taong gulang. Noong panahong iyon, ang Japan ay nasa kalagitnaan ng “bubble economy” at maraming pumunta sa Japan na mga Pilipinong may hawak na “entertainment visa”—pero iba ang background ni Larry. “May broker na tumutulong sa mga second-generation Japanese na nakatira sa Pilipinas para makapag-migrate sa Japan, at nilapitan niya ako” paliwanag ni Larry.
Natanggap si Larry dahil ang kaniyang lolo ay isang Japanese immigrant na dating nakatira sa Japan at lumipat sa Pilipinas bago mag-World War II o Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig. Sa Pilipinas, siya ay nagkaroon at nakabuo ng sariling pamilya. Ito ang kuwento ng nanay at tiyo ni Larry tungkol sa buhay ng kaniyang lolong pumanaw noong ito ay nasa humigit-kumulang 40 taong gulang:
Ang lolo ni Larry na si Nijiro Murata, ay ipinanganak sa Kagoshima, Japan. Noong siya ay 15-16 taong gulang, pa lamang, nagtago siya sa isang barkong papaalis sa daungan ng Kagoshima. Hindi niya alam kung saan ito patungo at nang nakadaong ito, natagpuan niya ang kaniyang sarili na nasa Pilipinas. Habang nasa barko, nakilala niya ang isang lalaking kasing-edad niya. Naging magkaibigan sila magkasama sa bodega (storeroom). Subali’t nang makarating sa Pilipinas, nagkahiwalay sila at hindi na muling nagkita.
Si Larry at ang kanyang pamilya sa Shiga: Kasama ang kanyang mga kapatid na sina Liza at Gina, ang kanyang anak na si Lloyda, at mga apo.
Nakarating si Nijiro sa Baguio, isang siyudad sa kaitaasan ng kabundukan ng Cordillera, sa hilagang bahagi ng Pilipinas. Dahil mas malamig dito kumpara sa ibang lugar sa bansa, ito ang tinatawag na summer capital ng Pilipinas, at popular sa mga Amerikanong nakatira sa Pilipinas noong panahong iyon. Para mabuhay, si Nijiro ay nagtrabaho sa mga konstruksyon, pabrika, bukid, at pinasukan ang anumang trabahong mahanap niya. Sa simula, nagtrabaho siya nang walang bayad at ang kapalit lamang ay pagkain. Subalit dahil nakita naman ang kanyang pagsusumikap, nagsimula siyang kumita ng pera nang paunti-unti. Isa sa pinagtrabahuhan niya ay sa isang Amerikano na nang kalaunan ay hinayaan na si Nijiro na mamahala sa kumpanya nito.
Sa paglipas ng panahon, maraming natutunan si Nijiro, kabilang na rito ang pagiging matatas sa wikang Ingles, sa wikang Ilocano sa Baguio, at pati na rin sa wikang tinatawag na Zambal sa Zambales, kung saan nanirahan siya kalaunan. Maingat niyang inipon ang kanyang pera at nang magkaroon ng pagkakataon, ipinambili niya ito ng sawmill o lagarian.
Tuwing makikita ng mga tao ang tagumpay ni Nijiro, at nang kaya na niyang makabili ng sariling kotse, sasabihin nila, “Si Douglas MacArthur at si Mr. Murata lang ang meron niyan (kotse).” Mabilis na natutong makisama si Nijiro sa komunidad at siya naman ay iginagalang dito. Nang maglaon, ikinasal siya sa isang Pilipina, at sila ay biniyayaan ng walong anak. Isa rito ang nanay ni Larry na si Haruko.
Ang Lolo ni Larry na si Nijiro (naka itim na amerikana) at ang kanyang asawang si Maria, kasama ang kanilang batang anak na lalaki na si Minoru at ang ama ni Maria.
Ang Nanay ni Larry na si Haruko kasama ang kanyang apo na si Haruna.
Noong World War II, nalipat ang pamamahala ng Pilipinas sa mga Hapon mula sa Amerika. Kahit na patuloy ang komunikasyon ni Njiro sa kanyang pamilya sa Kagoshima, nakadama pa rin siya ng katapatan at utang na loob sa mga taong nakatira sa bansang kumupkop sa kanya. Itinago niya ang mga Pilipinong gerilya at siniguradong ligtas sila mula sa mga sundalong Hapon. Sa tuwing kakaunti na lamang ang pagkain at gamot, ang kinakain nila ay ang bigas at mga de lata ng pagkain at ginagamit ang mga gamot na naimbak na ni Nijiro bago pa man magkaubusan ng mga ito. Sa pagtatapos ng digmaan, hindi lamang ang mga sundalong Hapon ang nakaranas ng pangungutya, kundi pati na rin ang mga sibilyan. Taliwas dito, hindi ito naranasan ng pamilyang Murata at kanilang napanatili ang kanilang estado sa lipunan. Nanatili silang kagalang-galang at patuloy na namuhay sa Pilipinas matapos ang digmaan.
Apatnapung taon makalipas ang pagkamatay ni Njiro, isang babae ang nagtungo sa Zambales kung saan nakatira si Larry at ang kaniyang pamilya. Naghahanap ang babaeng ito ng mga taong may lahing Hapon. Narinig niya ang apelyidong “Murata” at binisita niya sina Larry. Ang babae rin na ito ang nagbigay impormasyon kina Larry na ang nanay ni Larry, na anak ni Nijiro, ay may karapatang makatanggap ng Japanese citizenship bilang anak ito ng isang Hapon, at maging ang mga anak at kamag-anak nito ay maaaring legal na manatili sa Japan bilang “Nikkejin.” Katatapos pa lamang ni Larry sa pag-aaral at nagtatrabaho para suportahan ang kaniyang pamilya kaya naman nagdesisyon siyang sundin ang payo ng babae na subukan ang kaniyang kapalaran sa Japan. Iniisip niyang sa pamamagitan nito, mas masusuportahan niya ang kaniyang mga kapatid.
Noong 1990s, madalas magpunta si Larry at kaniyang mga kamag-anak sa Japan. Noong una, nagtrabaho siya sa isang pabrika sa Hiroshima, pagkatapos ay sa isang dry cleaner sa Tottori at Shiga Prefecture. Habang nasa Pilipinas, wala siyang pagkakataong matuto ng wikang Hapon, kaya naman tulad ng kaniyang ama, kinailangan ni Larry na matuto ng bagong wika mula sa umpisa. Sa lahat ng pagsubok na naranasan niya sa paglipat sa Japan, language barrier ang tinuturing niyang pinakamalaking balakid at maraming oras ang kaniyang ginugol sa pag-aaral nito.
Si Larry kausap sa video call ang kanyang tiyuhing si Hoshino na nasa Masinloc, Zambales.
Nang maglaon, naging matatas si Larry sa pagsasalita ng wikang Hapon o Nihongo, at ito ay nakatulong sa kaniya nang muli siyang bumalik sa Japan kasama ang kaniyang asawa at mga anak, at sa pagkakataong ito, bilang isang permanent resident. Sa unang pagkakataon, natanggap siya bilang full-time na empleyado sa isang kompanyang gumagawa ng mga seat belt. Subalit nalugi ang kompanya. Sa kasamaang palad, nalugi din ang sumunod na kompanyang kanyang pinagnagttrabahuhan. Matapos mangyari ito, nagtrabaho siya bilang worklift operator sa isang pabrika, ngunit dahil mababang pasahod, nagdesisyon syang lumipat sa nursing care.
Matapos sumailalim sa initial training, nagsimula ng bagong career si Larry bilang regular na care worker at ngayon ay nagtatrabaho sa isang ospital malapit sa Lake Biwa na isa’t kalahating oras ang biyahe mula sa kaniyang tinitirhan. Ang kaniyang araw ay nagugugol sa pag-aalaga ng mga pasyente, tinutulungan silang maligo at pumunta sa banyo, at sinasamahan sila sa tuwing pupunta sila sa rehabilitation.
Isa ang nursing care sa mga propesyon na mataas ang bilang ng mga umaalis sa naturang trabaho. Sa katotohanan, kababalik pa lamang ni Larry mula sa kanyang night shift nang ginanap ang interview na ito. Nang tanungin si Larry kung hindi nga ba siya nahihirapan sa kanyang trabaho, ang sagot niya ay “Anong mahirap? Wala yon! May mga nagsasabi ngang mahirap magpaligo ng pasyente, pero dinadaan na lamang ni Larry sa pagbibiro at sasabihing, “Tara, punta na tayong New York! May passport ka ba?” Sa Japan, ang salitang New York ay binibigkas na “nyuuyoku“ at ito rin ang salitang Hapon na ang ibig sabihin ay “maligo”. Isang Pilipinong may ganitong sense of humor lamang tulad ni Larry ang nakakaisip nito.
Ang pinakamahirap sa trabahong ito ay hindi ang mismong trabaho, kundi ang mga taong nakakasama mo rito. Para kay Larry, nae-enjoy niya ang trabaho na ito dahil sa iba-ibang benepisyo na kaniyang natatanggap, bukod pa sa magandang relasyong nabubuo niya sa mga kasamahan niya. Kahit di kataasan ang sahod, nakakabawi naman siya dahil sa mga benepisyo at sa pakikitungo ng mga kasamahan niya. Ayon sa kaniya, kailangang sulitin ang pagkakataon at makisama sa trabaho. Nasa sa inyo na kung makikibagay kayo o hindi. Hindi importante kung saan mang bansa pa kayo nanggaling.
Habang nagmamaneho, nasulyapan ni Larry ang isang may edad nang Hapong naglalakad, binaba niya ang bintana ng sasakyan at binati nya ito ng “Konnichiwa”. Mukha siya talagang isang kapitan ng barangay sa Pilipinas na nangangalaga sa kaligtasan ng komunidad.
Mga isandaang taon na ang nakalipas mula nang magtago sa isang barko si Nijiro at mapadpad sa Pilipinas nang mag-isa at hindi alam kung ano ang kapalarang naghihintay sa kaniya. Gayunpaman, mabuti sa kaniya ang tadhana. Ngayon, makikita rin ang kasipagan, pagpupursigi at pagmamahal sa mga kababayan ni Nijiro sa kaniyang apo na si Larry, na ngayon naman ay nasa Japan—ang bansang pinanggalingan ng pamilyang Murata.
ラリー・マカララッドさん一家は滋賀県にくらす。きょうだい6人も近くに家をかまえ、何かあるたびに勢ぞろいして、にぎやかに過ごしている。ラリーさんがはじめて日本に来たのは1992年、31歳のとき。日本はバブル景気のまっただなかにあった。当時は興行の在留資格で日本に来るフィリピン人が多かったが、ラリーさんの経緯は異なる。
「フィリピンにすむ日系人の来日を支援するブローカーがあり、声をかけられたのです」。
ラリーさんの祖父は戦前、日本からフィリピンに移住し、家族を築いた日系移民だった。40代の若さで亡くなった祖父について、ラリーさんが母やおじから聞いたストーリーは次のようなものだ。
ラリーさんの祖父、ムラタニジロウさんは鹿児島に生まれた。はっきりとした動機はわからないが、ニジロウさんは15、16歳のころ、鹿児島の港から出る船にこっそり乗りこんだ。しかし、その船の行先がフィリピンであることを、ニジロウさん自身は到着するまで知らなかったという。船の倉庫に隠れているあいだ、同い年の少年と出会い、親しくなった。だがフィリピンに着くと離れ離れになり、おたがいの行方はわからなくなった。
ラリーさん(左から2人目)、妹リザ(一番左)、妻のジーナ(左から3人目)、娘のロイダ(右から3人目)と孫たち。
ニジロウさんがたどり着いたのは、フィリピン北部のコルディリェラ山脈にあるバギオという都市。国土の大半を亜熱帯気候がしめるフィリピンのなかでは、比較的すずしく、かつてはフィリピンの夏の首都だった土地だ。当時フィリピンを支配していたアメリカ人がたくさん暮らしていた。単身でフィリピンに来たニジロウさんは、自力で仕事にありつかなければならなかった。建設現場、工場、農場など、どんな職場でも働いた。はじめは食料と引き換えに無給で働いた。しかし、その働きぶりが認められ、だんだん仕事に見合ったお金を得られるようになった。働いた職場の一つは、アメリカ人が経営していた会社だった。オーナーのアメリカ人はニジロウさんの仕事ぶりをすっかり気に入り、最終的に会社をニジロウさんにゆずってくれた。
ニジロウさんは仕事を通して多くのことを学び、英語、イロカノ語(バギオ地方の言語)、ザンバル語(ザンバル地方の言語)を習得した。コツコツとお金をためて、地域の製材所を購入し、その経営者にもなった。事業で成功をおさめ、自家用車を購入したニジロウさんを見て、人々は「車を持っているのは、ダグラス・マッカーサーとニジロウだけだ」と話したという。けれどもニジロウさんが周囲から嫉まれることはなかった。現地の生活にとけこみ、人々から尊敬を集める存在となっていた。現地のフィリピン人女性と結婚し、8人の子どもが生まれた。その一人がラリーさんの母、ハルコさんだ。
時代は第二次世界大戦につきすすみ、フィリピンはアメリカにかわって日本が支配するようになった。ニジロウさんは鹿児島の家族と連絡を取り合っていたが、フィリピンに対しても恩義を感じ、忠誠を尽くしたいと思った。自らの危険を承知でフィリピン人のゲリラを日本兵からかくまうこともあった。終戦後、日本軍のみならず、一般の日本人がはげしい非難をあびるなか、ムラタ一家が排除されることなく、戦後もフィリピンに残ることができたのは、そのおかげだった。戦争がはげしくなるにつれ、食料不足も深刻になっていったが、ニジロウさんが米や缶詰、薬をためておいたため、家族は食べ物に困ることはなく、大きな病気もせずにすんだ。
ラリーさんの祖父、ニジロウさん(後列右)。妻マリア(後列左)、マリアの父(前列左)、息子のミノル(前列右)。
ラリーさんの母、ハルコさん(左)と孫娘
ニジロウさんが亡くなり40年が過ぎたころ、一人の女性が、ラリーさんたちが住む町に来た。日系人の子孫をさがしているという。「ムラタ」という名前を聞きつけた女性は、一家のもとを訪ねた。女性の話でニジロウさんの娘でラリーさんの母である、ハルコさんが日本国籍を取得できること、ラリーさんの親族も日系人として日本に滞在できることを、一家は知った。
そのころ学校を卒業し、働いて家族を支えていたラリーさんは、きょうだいの生活をサポートするため、運試しと思い、女性のすすめにのって日本に行くことを決意した。
1990年代、ラリーさんとその親戚は数回に分けて来日した。はじめ、ラリーさんは広島の工場で働き、その後、鳥取県、滋賀県ドライクリーニング店で働いた。日本での生活でいちばんの試練は言語だった。日系人とはいえ、フィリピンでは日本語にふれることはまったくなかった。祖父がそうしたように、ラリーさんも言葉をゼロから学んだ。一日のうちの長い時間を日本語の学習に費やした。
フィリピンにいるおじ、ホシノさんに電話で昔の話を聞くラリーさん
日本語を習得したラリーさんは、一度フィリピンに帰国したのち、妻と子どもを伴って、再来日。永住者の在留資格が得られ、シートベルトを製造する会社で正社員として登用された。けれどもその会社は倒産してしまう。運悪く、次に入った会社も倒産。その後、工場でフォークリフトを操縦する仕事をしていたが、賃金が安かったため、心機一転、介護の道に進むことを決意した。
初任者研修を受け、正規の介護職員として新たなキャリアをスタートした。現在は車で自宅から片道1時間半かかる、琵琶湖近くの病院に勤務している。入浴、排せつ介助からリハビリのつきそいまで行う。介護職といえば、離職率の高い職種のひとつだが、きついと感じることはないのだろうか? じつはこのインタビューの日も、夜勤明けだった。
「大変なこと? なにもないよ。入浴介助が大変っていう人もいるけど、ぼくは『さあ、ニューヨークに行きましょうか? パスポートもっています?』ってジョークを言ったりしているよ」
月給は高くはないが、さまざまな手当がつき、まわりの人との関係も良いので、楽しく働いているという。
「仕事のつらさは、仕事そのものよりも、まわりの人間関係にあることが多い。でもすべきことは、その機会をいかすこと、職場に適応すること。適応できるかどうかは、その人しだい。どこの国から来たとかはあまり関係ないんです」
車で移動しているあいだも、ラリーさんは歩いているお年寄りを見かけると、運転席から顔を出して「こんにちは」と声をかける。その様子は地域の安全を見守るバランガイキャプテン(フィリピンの自治会のリーダー)のようだ。
今から約100年前、単身でフィリピンにわたったニジロウさん。その先にどんな未来が待ち受けているかは知るすべもなかったが、運命は彼に味方した。ニジロウさんの勤勉さ、まわりの人々に注いだ愛情は、今、孫のラリーさんに受け継がれ、村田家のルーツ日本に還元されている。
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